Galapagos Bullhead Shark: Heterodontus quoyi

Family: Heterodontidae

Common name(s)

Galapagos Bullhead Shark, Galapagos Horn Shark.

Identification

Stout body. Large square head with prominent ridges above eyes. Two large dorsal fins with rounded apexes, each with a spine at its origin. First dorsal fin origin level with pectoral fin free rear tip. Second dorsal fin origin level considerably posterior to pelvic fin free rear tip. Pectoral fins much larger than first dorsal. Pelvic fins about the same size as dorsal fins. High, short anal fin. Well developed caudal fin with deep subterminal notch.
Dorsal coloration greyish-brown, with a bold pattern of black spots that are about the same size as the eye. Spots may be scattered, in pairs, or in clusters that look vaguely like leopard spots.

Size

Maximum length 105cm. Size at birth approx. 17cm.

Habitat

Cold-temperate seas. Present on coral reefs and rocky outcrops. From 3-30m.

Distribution

The Galapagos horn shark is found in the southern part of the Galapagos Archipelago and along the coast of Peru. It is possible that the Peruvian form is a separate species.

Conservation Status

DATA DEFICIENT

The Galapagos bullhead shark is protected in the Galapagos Marine Reserve where it is not common and has an apparent limited distribution in suitable habitat (Rivera, unpublished data). While not presently fished in the Galapagos the apparent limited population size places this possible subpopulation of the species in a vulnerable position if it began to be captured here. This species is not of interest in commercial fisheries, but is presumably taken as bycatch by inshore fisheries elsewhere in its known range; however, little information is available. Research is required (taxonomy, ecology, bycatch, habitat) to accurately assess its conservation status.

Citations and References
Kyne, P.M., Rivera, F. & Leandro, L. 2004. Heterodontus quoyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T44579A10907948. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44579A10907948.en. Downloaded on 28 November 2020.

Reproduction

Oviparous. Reproductive details are poorly known.

Diet

Feeds on crustaceans and probably other invertebrates.

Behavior

Galapagos bullhead sharks are nocturnal hunters that often rest on ledges of vertical structures during the day.

Reaction to divers

Easy to approach, remaining completely motionless unless molested, at which point Galapagos horn sharks usually slowly swim away to a quieter resting spot.

Diving logistics

Although the Galapagos bullhead shark has a very limited accessible range, it can be reliably encountered at Punta Vicente Roca on the northwest tip of Isabella Island in the southern Galapagos Archipelago. In early December, I found 5 or 6 Galapagos bullhead sharks on a single dive at that exact spot. Another diver found a Peruvian torpedo ray; another ‘hard to find’ species that is known to frequent the colder islands in the Galapagos.

Punta Vicente Roca is close to Fernandina Island; the best area to snorkel with marine iguanas and undoubtedly another good place to look for bullhead sharks. The area between Punta Vicente Roca and Fernandina is known as the Bolivar Channel.

Galapagos bullhead sharks seem to favour areas affected by deep water upwellings. This may be because they prefer cooler water, or it could be because the nutrient rich upwellings keep the reef’s invertebrates well fed, so the sharks have a healthy food supply.

Apparently, the west side of Floreana Island (where there is another upwelling) is another good spot for this species.

There is another population of Galapagos bullhead sharks off the coast of Peru but there is not much diving infrastructure along that coastline. When I dove in Máncora in the far north of Peru, none of the locals mentioned seeing this species.